{"id":3378,"date":"2022-07-31T22:49:24","date_gmt":"2022-07-31T19:49:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/?p=3378"},"modified":"2022-07-31T22:49:26","modified_gmt":"2022-07-31T19:49:26","slug":"110-eve-szuletett-a-beregszaszi-szarmazasu-nobel-dijas-amerikai-kozgazdasz","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/?p=3378&lang=hu","title":{"rendered":"110 \u00e9ve sz\u00fcletett a beregsz\u00e1szi sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1s\u00fa Nobel-d\u00edjas amerikai k\u00f6zgazd\u00e1sz"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Sz\u00e1zt\u00edz \u00e9ve, 1912. j\u00falius 31-\u00e9n sz\u00fcletett Milton Friedman Nobel-d\u00edjas amerikai k\u00f6zgazd\u00e1sz, a monetarista k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gi felfog\u00e1s legismertebb k\u00e9pvisel\u0151je, kinek<\/strong> <strong>sz\u00fclei Beregsz\u00e1szb\u00f3l menek\u00fcltek Amerik\u00e1ba<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/fredman.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3381\" srcset=\"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/fredman.jpg 800w, https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/fredman-300x139.jpg 300w, https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/fredman-768x355.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Friedman magyar anyanyelv\u0171 zsid\u00f3 sz\u00fclei Beregsz\u00e1szb\u00f3l v\u00e1ndoroltak ki Amerik\u00e1ba. A boltos apa \u00e9s varr\u00f3n\u0151 anya negyedik gyermeke kiv\u00e1l\u00f3 tanulm\u00e1nyi eredm\u00e9nye r\u00e9v\u00e9n tizenhat \u00e9vesen, \u00f6szt\u00f6nd\u00edjjal ker\u00fclt a Rutgers Egyetemre, ahol matematik\u00e1b\u00f3l diplom\u00e1zott. Ezut\u00e1n a Chicag\u00f3i Egyetemen tanult k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gtant, majd a New York-i Columbia Egyetemen statisztik\u00e1t hallgatott.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A John Maynard Keynes \u00e1ltal f\u00e9mjelzett gazdas\u00e1gpolitika k\u00e9s\u0151bbi k\u00edm\u00e9letlen t\u00e1mad\u00f3ja, mivel egyetemi \u00e1ll\u00e1st nem kapott, 1935-t\u0151l \u00e1llami alkalmazottk\u00e9nt a Keynes \u00e9s Franklin D. Roosevelt eln\u00f6k nev\u00e9vel \u00f6sszeforrt \u00faj gazdas\u00e1gpolitika, a New Deal megval\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ban vett r\u00e9szt. Dolgozott a Nemzeti Er\u0151forr\u00e1sok Bizotts\u00e1g\u00e1n\u00e1l, a Nemzeti Gazdas\u00e1gkutat\u00f3 Int\u00e9zetn\u00e9l, a p\u00e9nz\u00fcgyminiszt\u00e9rium ad\u00f3kutat\u00f3 oszt\u00e1ly\u00e1n, 1943-t\u00f3l 1945-ig a Columbia Egyetem H\u00e1bor\u00fas Kutat\u00e1sok R\u00e9szlege statisztikai kutat\u00f3csoportj\u00e1nak igazgat\u00f3helyettese volt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe title=\"Milton Friedman - Lesson of the Pencil\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"667d61b155fb1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4ERbC7JyCfU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"667d61b155fb1\");<\/script><noscript><iframe title=\"Milton Friedman - Lesson of the Pencil\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"6a215f7512bed\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4ERbC7JyCfU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"6a215f7512bed\");<\/script><noscript><iframe title=\"Milton Friedman - Lesson of the Pencil\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" data-mhmlazyloadvideo=\"667d61b155fb1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4ERbC7JyCfU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><script data-plugin=\"mhm_lazyloadvideo\">mhmlazyloadvideo(\"667d61b155fb1\");<\/script><noscript><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Milton Friedman - Lesson of the Pencil\" width=\"500\" height=\"375\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/4ERbC7JyCfU?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/noscript><\/noscript>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Friedman 1946-ban ledoktor\u00e1lt, ezut\u00e1n h\u00e1rom \u00e9vtizeden \u00e1t a Chicag\u00f3i Egyetemen a statisztika \u00e9s a k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gtan professzora volt. Munkat\u00e1rsaib\u00f3l, tan\u00edtv\u00e1nyaib\u00f3l alakult ki szem\u00e9lye k\u00f6r\u00fcl a k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gtan \u00fagynevezett chicag\u00f3i iskol\u00e1ja. Munk\u00e1ss\u00e1g\u00e1t 1976-ban k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gi Nobel-d\u00edjjal jutalmazt\u00e1k, amelyet az indokl\u00e1s szerint \u201ea fogyaszt\u00e1selemz\u00e9s, a p\u00e9nzt\u00f6rt\u00e9net \u00e9s a p\u00e9nzelm\u00e9let ter\u00fclet\u00e9n v\u00e9gzett, valamint a p\u00e9nzelm\u00e9letnek a stabiliz\u00e1l\u00e1si politika komplexit\u00e1s\u00e1t bemutat\u00f3 elm\u00e9let\u00e9\u00e9rt\u201d \u00e9rdemelt ki. 1977-ben nyugd\u00edjba vonult \u00e9s Kaliforni\u00e1ba k\u00f6lt\u00f6z\u00f6tt, 1980-ban a republik\u00e1nus eln\u00f6kjel\u00f6lt Ronald Reagan kamp\u00e1ny\u00e1nak nem hivatalos tan\u00e1csad\u00f3ja lett. \u00c9lete sor\u00e1n t\u00f6bb gazdas\u00e1gi foly\u00f3irat munkat\u00e1rsa, sz\u00e1mos gazdas\u00e1gi t\u00e1rsas\u00e1g, bizotts\u00e1g tagja, vezet\u0151je is volt. Megannyi fontos k\u00f6nyve k\u00f6z\u00fcl a Szabads\u00e1g \u00e9s kapitalizmus \u00e9s a V\u00e1laszthatsz szabadon magyarul is olvashat\u00f3. 1988-ban megkapta az Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamok legmagasabb polg\u00e1ri kit\u00fcntet\u00e9s\u00e9t, az Eln\u00f6ki Szabads\u00e1g-\u00c9rdemrendet, valamint a Nemzeti Tudom\u00e1nyos \u00c9rmet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>A friedmani gazdas\u00e1g- \u00e9s t\u00e1rsadalomfiloz\u00f3fia az egy\u00e9n szabads\u00e1g\u00e1ra \u00e9s saj\u00e1t mag\u00e1\u00e9rt viselt felel\u0151ss\u00e9g\u00e9re \u00e9p\u00fcl, szemben a keynesi vil\u00e1gk\u00e9ppel, amely a t\u00e1rsadalomnak az egy\u00e9nnel szembeni felel\u0151ss\u00e9gv\u00e1llal\u00e1s\u00e1t hangs\u00falyozza.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keynes a nagyobb egyenl\u0151s\u00e9g biztos\u00edt\u00e1sa \u00e9rdek\u00e9ben sz\u00fcks\u00e9gesnek tartja az \u00e1llam beavatkoz\u00e1s\u00e1t a gazdas\u00e1gba \u00e9s a j\u00f6vedelem eloszt\u00e1s\u00e1ba. Friedman felfog\u00e1sa szerint ugyanakkor az \u00e1llam az egy\u00e9ni szabads\u00e1g korl\u00e1toz\u00f3ja, ez\u00e9rt amennyire csak lehet, le kell bontani, k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen j\u00f3l\u00e9ti funkci\u00f3it megsz\u00fcntetve. Friedman szerint minden anyagi j\u00f3l\u00e9t a szabadpiacnak k\u00f6sz\u00f6nhet\u0151, \u00e9s ha ennek m\u0171k\u00f6d\u00e9s\u00e9be a korm\u00e1ny beavatkozik, akkor lerombolja mind a j\u00f3l\u00e9tet, mind a szabads\u00e1got.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Friedman a \u201emonet\u00e1ris ellenforradalom\u201d, illetve a mennyis\u00e9gi p\u00e9nzelm\u00e9let k\u00e9pvisel\u0151jek\u00e9nt vit\u00e1ban \u00e1llt az amerikai \u00e9s az eur\u00f3pai gazdas\u00e1gpolitik\u00e1t a nagy gazdas\u00e1gi vil\u00e1gv\u00e1ls\u00e1got k\u00f6vet\u0151 id\u0151szakban meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 keynesi \u00e1ll\u00e1sponttal is. Ut\u00f3bbi szerint az \u00e1remelked\u00e9sek kiv\u00e1lt\u00f3 oka az \u00e1ruk k\u00edn\u00e1lata \u00e9s kereslete k\u00f6zti egyens\u00falyhi\u00e1ny, nem pedig a gazdas\u00e1gban l\u00e9v\u0151 p\u00e9nz- \u00e9s \u00e1rumennyis\u00e9g alakul\u00e1sa. Friedman ezzel szemben arra a k\u00f6vetkeztet\u00e9sre jutott, hogy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>a recesszi\u00f3t csaknem mindig p\u00e9nzsz\u0171ke el\u0151zi meg, ez\u00e9rt az \u00e1llamnak csup\u00e1n a forgalomban l\u00e9v\u0151 p\u00e9nz mennyis\u00e9g\u00e9nek szab\u00e1lyoz\u00e1s\u00e1val kell hatnia a gazdas\u00e1gi folyamatokra. A p\u00e9nzmennyis\u00e9g m\u00e9rs\u00e9kelt, de \u00e1lland\u00f3 n\u00f6veked\u00e9se mellett sz\u00e1llt s\u00edkra, \u00e9rvel\u00e9se szerint csak \u00edgy biztos\u00edthat\u00f3 a tart\u00f3s, csek\u00e9ly infl\u00e1ci\u00f3val j\u00e1r\u00f3 gazdas\u00e1gi n\u00f6veked\u00e9s.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Friedman elm\u00e9leti t\u00e9telei alapvet\u0151en befoly\u00e1solt\u00e1k a XX. sz\u00e1zad utols\u00f3 harmad\u00e1nak gazdas\u00e1gpolitikai gyakorlat\u00e1t, ezen kereszt\u00fcl pedig a vil\u00e1ggazdas\u00e1g \u00e9s a politika alakul\u00e1s\u00e1t. \u0150 maga Nixont\u00f3l Reaganig t\u00f6bb amerikai eln\u00f6k gazdas\u00e1gi tan\u00e1csad\u00f3jak\u00e9nt dolgozott, s\u0151t Margaret Thatcher brit minisztereln\u00f6k ugyancsak kik\u00e9rte szakmai v\u00e9lem\u00e9ny\u00e9t. Friedman \u00e9s a chicag\u00f3i iskola neoliber\u00e1lis felfog\u00e1sa napjainkban is \u00e9rv\u00e9nyes\u00fcl egyes korm\u00e1nyok \u00e9s a nemzetk\u00f6zi szervezetek tev\u00e9kenys\u00e9g\u00e9ben. Sokan ezt l\u00e1tj\u00e1k a Vil\u00e1gbank \u00e9s a Nemzetk\u00f6zi Valutaalap 1980-as \u00e9vekt\u0151l folytatott t\u00e1mogat\u00e1si gyakorlat\u00e1ban, amikor hitelek foly\u00f3s\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1t \u00fagynevezett struktur\u00e1lis \u00e1talak\u00edt\u00e1si programokhoz k\u00f6tik.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/api.hvg.hu\/Img\/b2dea50f-cee1-4f6e-b810-034566fbfb2e\/406a4f4d-2ce5-4630-b659-c88dfc357273.jpg\" alt=\"\"\/><figcaption>\u00a9 Magyar Nemzeti Bank<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Friedman nemcsak a gazdas\u00e1gpolitik\u00e1ban hirdette liber\u00e1lis elveit, hanem az \u00e9let m\u00e1s ter\u00fclet\u00e9n is: t\u00e1mogatta a prostit\u00faci\u00f3 \u00e9s a drogok liberaliz\u00e1ci\u00f3j\u00e1t, \u00e9s ki\u00e1llt a t\u00e1voktat\u00e1s bevezet\u00e9se mellett. Feles\u00e9g\u00e9vel l\u00e9trehozott alap\u00edtv\u00e1nya \u00e9vtizedeken \u00e1t t\u00e1mogatta a sz\u00ednvonalas oktat\u00e1shoz val\u00f3 hozz\u00e1f\u00e9r\u00e9st, a szabad iskolav\u00e1laszt\u00e1s jog\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gtudom\u00e1ny korszakalkot\u00f3 tud\u00f3sa, akir\u0151l az Egyes\u00fclt \u00c1llamokban k\u00e9t\u00e9vente adom\u00e1nyozott k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gi d\u00edjat neveztek el, 2006. november 16-\u00e1n, kilencven\u00f6t \u00e9vesen hunyt el San Francisc\u00f3ban. Hal\u00e1lakor a Wall Street Journal a modern kapitalizmus meg\u00faj\u00edt\u00f3jak\u00e9nt m\u00e9ltatta. Id\u00e9n, sz\u00fclet\u00e9s\u00e9nek 110. \u00e9vfordul\u00f3j\u00e1n \u2013 a magyar sz\u00e1rmaz\u00e1s\u00fa Nobel-eml\u00e9kd\u00edjasokat bemutat\u00f3 tematikai sorozat r\u00e9szek\u00e9nt \u2013 eml\u00e9k\u00e9rm\u00e9t bocs\u00e1tott ki a Magyar Nemzeti Bank, \u00edgy tisztelegve a 20. sz\u00e1zad egyik legnagyobb hat\u00e1s\u00fa k\u00f6zgazd\u00e1sza el\u0151tt.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/hvg.hu\/tudomany\/20220731_milton_friedman_amerikai_kozgazdasz_110_eve_szuletett_portre#rss\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">(hvg.hu)<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sz\u00e1zt\u00edz \u00e9ve, 1912. j\u00falius 31-\u00e9n sz\u00fcletett Milton Friedman Nobel-d\u00edjas amerikai k\u00f6zgazd\u00e1sz, a monetarista k\u00f6zgazdas\u00e1gi felfog\u00e1s legismertebb k\u00e9pvisel\u0151je, kinek sz\u00fclei Beregsz\u00e1szb\u00f3l menek\u00fcltek Amerik\u00e1ba.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":12,"featured_media":3381,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,281,41,31,11,25,39],"tags":[23626,23625,23623,23624],"class_list":["post-3378","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-a-nap-hirei","category-actual-hu","category-cikkek","category-karpatalja","category-kiemelt-tema","category-videok","category-vilag","tag-beregszasz","tag-kozgazdasz","tag-milton-friedman","tag-nobel-dij"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3378","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/12"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3378"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3378\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3382,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3378\/revisions\/3382"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/3381"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3378"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3378"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/history.karpat.in.ua\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3378"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}